Winnipeg coach heading to Pro Football Hall of Fame
Canada News: "Toronto -- NFL Canada today announced that KELSEY McKAY, a Winnipeg area high school coach and the engine behind football growth in his community, was awarded a trip to the 2005 NFL Youth Football Summit. The Summit will be held at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, August 4-7, 2005.



McKay was selected from a field of dedicated coaches who were nominated by their peers through the NFLCFLFutures.com web site. McKay, who is also a teacher at Churchill, is responsible for tripling football participation at the school since accepting the head coach position in 2003."

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Todd Russell joins the government he once harshly criticized (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - Until recently, Todd Russell was a bared-teeth critic of the federal government. He's now its newest member.The former Metis leader of Inuit descent makes his debut Tuesday in the House of Commons as the celebrated Liberal MP for Labrador."

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Canada defeats Japan
Canada News: "TOKYO (CP) - Brodie Henderson and Dean Van Camp scored second-half ties Sunday to lead Canada to a 15-10 win over Japan in the Super Cup rugby final.



Canada, which lost to Japan in last year's final, trailed the hosts 3-0 at halftime but pulled even on a penalty by Derek Daypuck shortly after the break at Prince Chichibu Memorial Ground.



Henderson scored Canada's first try in the 58th minute and the visitors took a 10-3 lead on Daypuck's conversion.



Van Camp crossed the line for Canada's second try in the 77th minute before Japan got their only try of the day from Katoni Otukolo in injury time."

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About 600 people forced to flee as forest fire threatens remote Quebec town (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - CHISASIBI, Que. (CP) - About 600 people were ordered Sunday to leave their homes in northern Quebec as a forest fire threatened the town of 3,500."

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Ottawa set to speed political course toward native self-sufficiency (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - The federal government is set to sign a new deal that sources say would dramatically change how Ottawa treats First Nations."

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Gomery Inquiry--The Gomery Inquiry, or officially, the Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities, headed by Mr. Justice John H. Gomery, will hold hearings in Montreal until May 27. For more information, call Fran ois Perreault at 613-992-1834.



The Arar Inquiry--The Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar is currently holding a series of in-camera hearings."

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Canada News: "Kingsley's appeal to merit principle warranted: running elections requires knowledge



Canadian election officials have established excellent credentials in monitoring elections around the world. It is no coincidence, for example, that Canada was asked to oversee the world's two most high-profile recent elections in new democracies, Ukraine and Iraq.



Monitoring elections in democratically fragile states is tricky business. For instance, how do you deal with a country where the people tasked with overseeing polling booths are hired by the party in power, with no requirement that these appointments be made on the basis of merit?"

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Canada News: "Joe Volpe categorically apologized for his words, so should Western Standard's Ezra Levant



TORONTO--I know Canada's Citizenship and Immigration Minister Joe Volpe very well, and, I completely understand his frustrations with the regular stereotyping of minorities.



He is one of the few politicians who has had to prove he is honest, and only because of his last name.



Ever since mobster, Paul Volpe, was killed in Toronto in the early 1980s, Mr. Volpe's name has always subtly been associated with organized Italian Mafia."

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Comparing Apples To Apples: Which Are Healthiest?
Canada News: "Canadian researchers analyzed eight popular varieties of the fruit. They said that Red Delicious, Northern Spy and Ida Red are packed with more disease-fighting antioxidants than other apples studied.



The study is published in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Researchers said the findings could lead to the breeding of hybrid apples that pack a heftier antioxidant punch.



Researchers from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Guelph, Ontario, studied apples that are popular in Canada, including Red Delicious, McIntosh, Cortland, Northern Spy, Ida Red, Golden Delicious, Mutsu and Empire apples."

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Technology troubles at Royal Canadian Mint leave monarch red-faced (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - The Royal Canadian Mint's controversial project to introduce a coloured "poppy" quarter last fall left the Queen red-faced - literally."

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Technology troubles at Royal Canadian Mint leave monarch red-faced (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - The Royal Canadian Mint's controversial project to introduce a coloured "poppy" quarter last fall left the Queen red-faced - literally."

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Ontario Liberals back-pedalling on source-water protection, activists fear (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - TORONTO (CP) - Fearful the Liberal government is dragging its feet when it comes to protecting Ontario's drinking-water sources, more than a dozen groups are urging Premier Dalton McGuinty to move forward with legislation promised this spring."

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Young and new Quebecers seen as key to growth of sovereignty movement (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - QUEBEC (CP) - Pablo Santos is a committed Parti Quebecois activist but he still feels proud to be Canadian when he travels."

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Potential leader of Quebec sovereignty movement heads to Toronto (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - QUEBEC (CP) - Andre Boisclair is an up-coming leader in the Quebec independence movement, a man with rare combinations of youth and experience, brains and charisma."

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CTV.ca: Canada: "Belinda Stronach says some of the personal attacks mounted against her for defecting to the federal Liberals are a disgrace and a new low in Canadian politics.""

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Liberal ministers show up in byelection riding CTV...
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CTV.ca: Canada: "Belinda Stronach was among three Liberal cabinet ministers campaigning in Labrador on Sunday, two days before an important federal byelection in the region.""

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CTV.ca: Canada: "Belinda Stronach was among three Liberal cabinet ministers campaigning in Labrador on Sunday, two days before an important federal byelection in the region.""

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Liberal ministers show up in byelection riding
CTV.ca: Canada: "Belinda Stronach was among three Liberal cabinet ministers campaigning in Labrador on Sunday, two days before an important federal byelection in the region."

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Stronach calls personal attacks on her a disgrace
CTV.ca: Canada: "Belinda Stronach says some of the personal attacks mounted against her for defecting to the federal Liberals are a disgrace and a new low in Canadian politics."

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Martin addresses nation; Canadians may goto polls
Canadian Content: ""Those who are in power are to be held responsible, and that includes me," Canada's Prime Minister, Paul Martin, told his nation in the first live address by a PM in ten years."

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Amnesty International says U.S. war dodger would be prisoner of conscience (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - TORONTO (CP) - Prominent human-rights group Amnesty International has declared that it will adopt a young American war dodger as a prisoner of conscience if Canada deports him to the United States to confront a possible prison sentence."

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Let's Treat the Disease, Not the Symptom
Canadian Content: "For anybody who has been locked in a closet lately, Canada is in the midst of a government scandal. Fingers are being pointed and politicians in the opposition are pretending to be outraged..."

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Free-trade talks with United States had amusing and sinister sides: book (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - A former Canadian ambassador to Washington has revealed the dark - and amusing - sides of free-trade negotiations with the United States in the 1980s."

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GENEVA CP - Canada should do more to protect people from being expelled to countries where they might be tortured according to a UN report that cited Maher Arar the Ottawa man who said he was tortured after being deported to his native Syria by U.S. authorities."

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Canadian Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh today announced that updates to Canadas Food Guide to Healthy Eating will reflect the multicultural make-up of Canada. The Minister of Health has asked Health Canada to continue to look into options to better reflect the ethnic diversity of our country."

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ST. JOHNS A Latvian refugee facing deportation has been living in a St. Johns church for the past month to avoid having to leave Canada. Alexi Kolosov who has lived in Newfoundland and Labrador for seven years lost his case before the Immigration and Refugee Board."

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Canada lags behind in caregiver support
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According to a new study, Canada lags behind other western countries in the level of financial support it gives to family caregivers



According to a new study, Canada lags behind other western countries in the level of financial support it gives to family caregivers. The international review was conducted as part of the Hidden Costs Invisible Contributions (HCIC) research project. The financial support review was led by Mount Saint Vincent University's (MSVU) Dr. Janice Keefe who found that Australia and the United Kingdom do a better job of financially supporting people looking after a sick relative."

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Whitby Ont. -- Citizenship and Immigration Canada spokesperson Maria Iadinardi gives only part of the picture Diabetic Prevented From Moving To Canada -- May 10 when she states that Steve Szebenyis mother Gizella was refused because she failed to submit to more tests."

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Canada Immigration: "Canada should have intervened in Arar case: UN report (CBC News)

GENEVA - A United Nations report has come out criticizing the Canadian government for its treatment of Maher Arar the Syrian-born engineer who was deported back to his homeland and tortured."

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OTTAWA CP - A respected African environmentalist has been unable to get a visa to enter Canada for negotiations on biodiversity scheduled to take place in Montreal next week."

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Amnesty International supports war dodger
Canada News: "TORONTO (CP) - Prominent human-rights group Amnesty International has declared that it will adopt a young American war dodger as a "prisoner of conscience" if Canada deports him to the United States and he ends up in jail.



Amnesty says it considers Jeremy Hinzman a legitimate conscientious objector to the war in Iraq, even though Canadian immigration authorities have decided otherwise.



Hinzman, 26, fled to Canada in search of asylum just days before his Airborne Division unit was deployed to Iraq to fight in a war he considered illegal under international law, one in which he feared he would be forced to commit atrocities."

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Bush & American Friends of Jamaica
Canada News: "flaunted their love of Jamaica and punctuated their expression by honoring a native son.They were unanimous in their votes for the island some had discovered during duty to the US.



From that time and 23 years later, they meet as American Friends of Jamaica whose main mission is to rally friends, raise funds for some of the island’s needy organizations and celebrate outstanding achievers. The island of Manhattan proved the ideal setting last Thursday, with the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel’s elegant fa ade providing the ideal space for the largest gathering of friends in two decades."

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Iran slams Canadian move to limit ties
Canada News: "Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi on Sunday said the case of late photojournalist Zahra Kazemi is a local issue and Canada should avoid misusing Iran's cooperation in this regard.



"Canada should not use the issue of justice as a pretext for their own factional issues because such measures will bear no fruit. "They have to change their behavior and know that Iran will not yield under pressure," Asefi said when asked to react on recent comments by Canadian officials on Kazemi's case and the country's decision to impose limitations on ties with Iran."

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Tamil youth awards seek nominations
Canada News: "Young Canadian Tamils need the inspiration successful peers give them, a group boosting Tamil youth says.



Each year, the Awards of Excellence program helps young members of a community that faces stereotypes, language barriers and a cultural gap between generations, officials of the Canadian Tamil Youth Development Centre (CanTYD) said this week.



Every community has its good and not-so-good members, Archana Balamohan, CanTYD awards co-ordinator told a recent press conference at the Ontario Science Centre, where this year's honours will be presented in October."

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of Chinese immigration to Canada and the vital Chinese contribution to the building of the railroad the film was an eye-opener. Canada would not be."

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Canada Immigration: "Immigration Reform and Red Herrings

is not what immigration does to unemployment but what it does to wages States had been born in Europe or Canada and were generally well educated."

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The Hindu Business Line : Saturday, May 21, 2005
Canada News: "STRATEGY



Competition may trigger price war in DTH market



IT will finally boil down to who offers the best deal at the cheapest rate. The war for subscribers is set to begin in the next one year, with at least four operators - Essel Group's Dish TV, Prasar Bharati's DD Direct, Tatas-Star Group's .



More



Baskin Robbins eyes 30 pc growth to cross Rs 25-cr mark



BASKIN Robbins is eyeing 30 per cent growth this year to cross the Rs 25-crore sales mark in India. The company, which has been present in India for more than a decade, is still fighting the popular consumer perception that it is expensive ."

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Canada Immigration
Canada Immigration: "GI Loses 1st Round in Canada Asylum Bid | Alisa Solomon

Texas ranch Canadas Immigration Review Board IRB announced its rejection of a bid for asylum by Jeremy Hinzman the US Army soldier who fled."

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Canada Immigration. News. Resources. Information
Canadian Content: "What ever happened to the real reporters? The ones who were not afraid to ask the obvious questions? When I watch television or read the paper, it makes me wonder if there were ever any real reporters at all."

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The power of doubt
Canadian Content: "What ever happened to the real reporters? The ones who were not afraid to ask the obvious questions? When I watch television or read the paper, it makes me wonder if there were ever any real reporters at all."

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Canada Immigration
Canada News: "The men were not frisked, or even asked to remove their shoes as is now routine at airport security checkpoints in the post 9-11 world.



Immigration also ran all of their names through a database called FOSS (Field Operational Support System), one of about six databases used at the border to keep out undesirables.



MAIN DATABASE



That's where the typos occurred.



FOSS is the main database which will show a sweeping variety of immigration-related information once a traveller's name, date of birth and sex are entered, according to Danny Yen, spokesman for the Canada Border Services Agency."

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Environment Canada Granting $350,000 for Research Projects to Benefit Cree and Naskapi Communities
Government of Canada News: Regional: "Mr. David Smith, MP for Pontiac, today announced $350,000 in investments to be made between now and 2007-2008 for research projects that will benefit the Cree and Naskapi communities of Northern Quebec. This funding is being provided under the Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI), a national program established in 1998 to promote collaborative action between the scientific community and Northern residents and to integrate local, traditional and scientific knowledge."

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Martin addresses nation; Canadians may goto polls
Canadian Content: ""Those who are in power are to be held responsible, and that includes me," Canada's Prime Minister, Paul Martin, told his nation in the first live address by a PM in ten years."

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Canada Immigration : Canada Medical System
Canada News: "The CBC's biography of Douglas lauds "his staunch devotion to social



causes." Most notably, Canada's '"father of Medicare' stayed true to



his socialist beliefs - often at the cost of his own political



fortune." Born at Falkirk, Scotland, in 1904, after nine years as a



Member of Parliament (Regina, Saskatchewan, Co-operative Commonwealth



Federation) in the House of Commons, early in 1944 Douglas was elected



leader of the provincial CCF in Saskatchewan."

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Canada Immigration
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - TORONTO (CP) - Hundreds of people from across Canada gathered Saturday to support an estimated 1.7 million Chinese who've quit the Communist Party of China in the last six months."

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Canada Immigration
Immigration Canada: "Quebec immigrants prefer to speak English, but French use is growing: report (Canadian Press)

Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - QUEBEC (CP) - The French language remains threatened in Quebec because most immigrants prefer to speak English, said the province's language office.""

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Quebec immigrants prefer to speak English, but Fre...
Immigration Canada: "

Quebec immigrants prefer to speak English, but French use is growing: report (Canadian Press)





Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - QUEBEC (CP) - The French language remains threatened in Quebec because most immigrants prefer to speak English, said the province's language office."

"

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Quebec immigrants prefer to speak English, but French use is growing: report (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - QUEBEC (CP) - The French language remains threatened in Quebec because most immigrants prefer to speak English, said the province's language office."

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Parrish may miss budget vote due to bout of appendicitis (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - The uncertainty surrounding Thursday's federal budget vote has taken a twist, with word that an Independent Member of Parliament may not be in the House of Commons to take part."

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Royal couple to be officially welcomed in Regina
CTV.ca: Canada: "On the second day of their royal visit to Canada, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip will be officially welcomed today in a ceremony in Regina."

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Government of Canada Announces New Support for Women Entrepreneurs in Ontario
Government of Canada News: Regional: "The Honourable David L. Emerson, Minister of Industry, today announced a $2.147-million Government of Canada investment over three years toward the establishment of a Network for Women Entrepreneurs (NWE) in Ontario."

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Environment minister joins plea to Senate for passage of clean-water bill (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - Environment Minister Stephane Dion is calling on the Senate to quickly pass a bill that would crack down on dumping of oil in coastal waters, which is blamed for the deaths of some 300,000 seabirds annually."

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World Hockey Championships | canada.com
Canada News: "VIENNA, Austria - Canada will seek its third straight gold medal today after sprinting to a 4-0 lead, then holding off a surging Russian team to win 4-3 at the world hockey championship semifinals Saturday.



Canada will face the Czech Republic in today's final (TSN, 2 p.m. ET). The Czech Republic advanced by beating Sweden 3-2 in overtime in the other semifinal Saturday. A victory would give Canada its 24th gold medal, the most in world championship history."

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Debate over same-sex marriage mirrored within federal justice minister's family (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - OTTAWA (CP) - The hot-button issue of same-sex marriage has divided Parliament, the country, and even the justice minister's own family."

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Government of Canada to fund four employment projects in the Yukon
Canada News: "WHITEHORSE, YK, May 13 /CNW Telbec/ - The Honourable Larry Bagnell, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources and Member of Parliament for the Yukon, on behalf of the Honourable Lucienne Robillard, President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development, today announced funding of $350,509 for four projects that will help unemployed individuals in the Yukon. The organizations that will receive this funding are the Yukon Council on Disability, Yukon College, Bringing Youth Towards Equality, and Challenge-Community Vocational Services."

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Beef industry believes 'cut-in-Canada' solution is key to survival (Canadian Press)
Yahoo! News: Canada - Canadian Press: "Canadian Press - CALGARY (CP) - If Stan Eby has his way, the only way cattle will be leaving Canada is in a box. After two years with no international markets for live cattle - and no end in sight - the embattled beef industry believes a cut-in-Canada solution is the key to survival."

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Canada Immigration: 2004-12-03

Canada Immigration: 2004-12-03: "The individual should therefore possess reasonable purposes for entry and should understand that he or she must leave Canada in order to receive the immigrant visa. The implications for this vary with an individual's place of residence. For countries where residents enjoy relatively easy flow across Canadian borders, PR applicants may utilize the ease of entry in order to better acquaint themselves with their intended destination. Those residing in regions that do not enjoy this benefit will not necessarily suffer in their PR application, however.

A non-immigrant application may be more closely scrutinized in the presence of a concurrent immigration application, as there is an apparent tendency to immigrate. If the ties of the applicant to his/her home can be demonstrated, however, such an application may succeed. The presence of a non-immigrant application should have no effect on an immigration application.'Immigration Canada. Canada Visa.'"

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National reactions to immigration

National reactions to immigration - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Throughout the world, immigration is a controversial issue. All developed nations put restrictions on how many people can immigrate to them. These are usually justified on economic grounds with worries that many poor workers would lower wages and the nation's standard of living. Sometimes the justification for limiting immigration is cultural. The latter is heard most strongly in homogenous old world (European) nations where citizenship was long tied to a person having deep historical roots in the country. Western European nations, Japan, and other countries have long been deeply concerned about their national culture being subsumed. This concern can be especially high when the immigrants are of differing race or religion than the majority.

Immigration into European countries has a long tradition, though until the 1970s and 1980s the levels were relatively modest. Recent increases in immigration have led to the development of political parties in Europe which are almost solely concerned with limiting immigration. In Hong Kong population growth is driven by new immigrants from mainland China, while the natural growth is negative.

Only five countries in the world "actively encourage" large numbers of immigrants: The United States, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. These nations still restrict the numbers of people allowed to immigrate, but in most of these countries, population growth is almost entirely due to the relatively large level of immigration. Many other countries permit immigration in particular circumstances, e.g., to fill jobs where a skill is not available locally, for wealthy investors or business leaders, in cases of marriage, multiple citizenship or asylum, or under multilateral agreements such as within the European Union or between New Zealand and Australia.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration

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Weblog Commenting and Trackback by HaloScan.com

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Canada Overview

Canada Overview - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The capital of Canada is Ottawa, home of the nation's Parliament. Both the Governor General of Canada, who exercises the personal prerogatives delegated by the Monarch, and the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, have official residences in Ottawa.

Originally a union of former French and British colonies, Canada is a Commonwealth Realm, and a member of La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada is officially bilingual:
French is the majority language of Quebec, and is widely spoken in New Brunswick; it is also spoken in Eastern, Northern and Southwestern Ontario and in specific communities throughout Atlantic Canada and the West.
English is the majority language elsewhere with the exception of certain communities, and the territory of Nunavut where the majority of the population speak Inuktitut.

Canada is a technologically advanced and industrialized nation, largely self-sufficient in energy due to its relatively large deposits of fossil fuels, nuclear energy generation, and hydroelectric power capabilities. Its economy has traditionally relied heavily on the abundance of natural resources and trade, particularly with the United States, with which it has a long, extensive relationship (see U.S.-Canada relations). Although the modern Canadian economy has become widely diversified, exploitations of natural resources remain an important driving force of many of country's regional economies.

Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada

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Canada Geography
Canada - Geography - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Canada occupies the northern half of North America. It is bordered to the south by the contiguous United States, separated by the International Boundary, and to the northwest by Alaska. The country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean and Davis Strait in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; hence the country's motto. To the north lie the Beaufort Sea and Arctic Ocean; Greenland lies to the northeast. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60 degrees west longitude and 141 degrees west longitude ([3]); that is, Canada's territorial claim extends to the North Pole. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island -- latitude 82.5°N -- just 834 kilometres from the North Pole.



Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after Russia, covering approximately 41% of the North American continent. Much of Canada's territory lies in Arctic regions, however, and thus Canada has only the fourth most usable land behind Russia, China and the United States. The population density is 3.2 people per square kilometre, which is extremely low compared to other countries. Eighty percent of Canadians live within 200 km of the United States along their international border, the location of the country's most temperate climates and arable soil. While Canada covers a larger geographic area than its nearest neighbour, it has only one-ninth its population. Vast and sparsely populated, Canada has historically depended economically on exporting its abundant natural resources.



The most densely-populated part of the country is the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Valley in the east. To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and gouged with lakes and rivers— over 60 percent of the world's lakes are located in Canada. The Canadian Shield encircles the immense Hudson Bay.



The Canadian Shield extends to the Atlantic Coast in Labrador, the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The island of Newfoundland, North America's easternmost region, is at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary, and the first region to be settled by Europeans. The Canadian Maritimes protrude eastward from the southern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, sandwiched between the Gulf to the north and the Atlantic to the south. The provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, an arm of the Atlantic that experiences the world's largest tidal variations. Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province.



To the west of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies, consisting of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, spread towards the Rocky Mountains, which divide the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia.



Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the largest islands on Earth.



Canada has a reputation for cold temperatures. Indeed, the winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, with risks of blizzards and ice storms and temperatures reaching lows of -50°C in the far North. Southern British Columbia is an exception: it enjoys a very temperate climate with much milder winters than the rest of the country.



In the most densely populated regions, summers range from mild to quite hot, attaining highs of well over 30°C in Montreal and 15°C even in Iqaluit, Nunavut. In Vancouver, temperatures usually remain stable at around 5-25°C year round, whereas in parts of the central prairies, they can drop to -40°C in the winter and attain a high of 35°C in the summer. In the Great Lakes region, the most heavily populated area in the country, temperatures can range from -30°C to 35°C. The country experiences four distinct seasons.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada

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How are new refugees doing in Canada?

How are new refugees doing in Canada? Comparison of the health and settlement of the Kosovars and Czech Roma

Canadian Journal of Public Health, Sep/Oct 2003 by Redwood-Campbell, Lynda, Fowler, Nancy, Kaczorowski, Janusz, Molinaro, Elizabeth, Et al

ABSTRACT

Background: In 1999, a group of Kosovars arrived in Hamilton, Ontario, with a coordinated international pre-migration plan, as part of the United Nations Humanitarian Evacuation Program. Since 1997, a substantial number of Roma refugees from the Czech Republic also arrived in Hamilton, with no special pre-migration planning. This study examined whether the organized settlement efforts led to better adaptation and perceived health for the Kosovars, using the Czech Roma as a comparison group.

Methods: Adult members of 50 Kosovar (n=157 individuals) and 50 Czech Roma (n=76 individuals) randomly selected families completed a questionnaire on sociodemographics, health, well-being, and perceived adaptation to Canada. Differences between groups were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Comparison was made to the Ontario population where possible.

Results: There were more Kosovars than Czech Roma over the age of 50 (22.1% vs 10.5%, p=0.03). Nearly one quarter (21.7%) of the Kosovars had a score indicating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), compared to none of the Roma (p

Conclusions: The health and adaptation of the Kosovars was not better than that of the Czech Roma. Reasons for this finding may include differences in demographics, the presence of PTSD, and differing length of time since arrival in Canada.

As part of its role in the United Nations Humanitarian Evacuation Program,1 Canada received approximately 5,000 refugees from Kosovo in the spring of 1999, 500 of whom arrived in Hamilton, Ontario. The majority of Kosovars destined for Hamilton came directly into community "settlement" houses set up in two local hotels. The refugees received social supports and sponsor groups were assigned to each family. Unlike with the usual arrival of refugees in Canada, there was a coordinated effort by health and other professionals to assist with the health and settlement needs of this large influx of Kosovar refugees. Since 1997, Hamilton has also received approximately 500 Roma refugees from the Czech Republic. In contrast, the Czech Roma were self-selected asylum seekers who applied individually for refugee status. As such, there was no pre-migration organizational planning for this group.

Studies examining refugee health profiles are often conducted in the context of international refugee camps,2,3 and relatively little information pertains to refugee groups in receiving host countries.4 One recognized barrier to settlement is the common presence of mental health difficulties, and often there is little data on the post-arrival physical health and self-perception of health of refugees.4,5 Many host countries have poor criteria for assessing how well refugees have integrated,6 compounding the difficulties in evaluating health. Canada has been a leading country in 'best settlement practices',7 encompassing areas such as language, employment and cultural orientation.

As a result of the special settlement efforts, we hypothesized that the Kosovars would report better adaptation and perceived health compared to other recent refugees. We compared the Kosovars and Czech Roma to generate their respective health profiles and highlight issues that may be helpful for planning future humanitarian efforts.

This paper describes the results of a questionnaire administered to individuals in randomly selected Kosovar and Czech Roma families regarding their health and adaptation to Canada. Comparisons were also made to the Ontario general population, where possible.

METHODS

Sample selection

The Settlement and Integration Services Organization in Hamilton (SISO), a community-based agency that serves local immigrant and refugee groups, used their records of all Kosovar and Czech Roma families that were active with the organization in the spring of 2001. All Kosovar families who arrived as part of the UN evacuation program and the majority of Czech Roma families (> 80%) in Hamilton were listed and active with SISO at the time of the study (personal communication, SISO director). The Czech Roma list contained 423 members of 166 families, with 268 individuals aged 18 and older. The Kosovar list contained 480 members of 161 families, with 350 individuals aged 18 and older. The majority of the Czech Roma study participants (90.8%; 69/76) arrived in Hamilton in 1997, six arrived in 1999 or 2000, and one arrived in 1994. The majority of the Kosovar study participants (87.3%; 137/157) arrived in the spring or summer of 1999 and 18/157 arrived in 2000 (two did not indicate their arrival date). Two individuals representing the refugee groups, and who were affiliated with SISO, conducted the fieldwork. One was a refugee physician from Kosovo and the other was active in settlement activities for Czech Roma in Southern Ontario. To maintain confidentiality before consent was obtained, a list of random numbers was supplied by the researchers to SISO and assigned to the list of families. The fieldworkers then contacted the randomly selected families. All families on the list, including family members aged 18 or older, were eligible. Families were approached until 50 from each group agreed to participate. The fieldworkers contacted the families, explained how they obtained the family name and phone number, and invited the family to participate. The person with whom the fieldworker arranged the interview consented verbally for all family members, and at the time of questionnaire administration, each family member over 18 years of age gave written consent.

The questionnaire was self-completed in most cases, however the fieldworker assisted participants where necessary. The questionnaire took approximately 30 minutes to complete. The Hamilton Health Sciences Research Ethics Board approved the study.

Data collection instruments

The questionnaire was developed by the research team and included demographic information, social support, general health, presence of stress, specific health conditions, tobacco and alcohol use, and health care services utilization questions. In order to compare to normative Canadian data, general health, specific health conditions, presence of stress, tobacco and alcohol use, and some demographic questions were taken directly from the Ontario Health8 and the Canada Health9 surveys. In addition, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ)10 was used to assess mental health status in relation to experiences in the home country. The HTQ was designed to measure symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in refugees. Existing translations of some of the questions were obtained from the Czech Ministry of Health and from other researchers who had translated and back-translated the HTQ into Albanian.3 The fieldworkers translated remaining questions. Fieldworkers conducted pilot interviews with two families from each group to pre-test the questionnaires.

Statistical analyses

Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS v 10.0.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL). Univariate analyses were performed to compare socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported health and well-being, perceived adaptation, and variables relating to mental and physical health between the Kosovar and Czech Roma refugees using the Chi-square test or Student's t-test, as appropriate. A score of > or =2.5 on Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was used to indicate the presence of PTSD.10 For variables that were significantly different between the two groups in univariate analyses (p

Ontario population results from the 1996/97 National Population Health Survey12 or the 1990 Ontario Health Survey8 are presented, where available.

RESULTS

Sample description

The response rate for the families was 97.1% (100/103). Two Kosovar families refused and one Czech Roma family had moved out of the city. The demographic characteristics of the two groups are shown in Table I. On average, the mean size of the Kosovar families was significantly larger than the Czech Roma, there were significantly more Kosovars over the age of 50, and the Kosovars were more likely to have come from smaller towns or villages compared to the Czech Roma.

Health and well-being

A higher proportion of Kosovars compared to Czech Roma (11.5% vs. 1.3%) reported that their health was poor. The proportions of respondents who reported excellent or very good health was similar for the Kosovars (45.9%) and the Czech Roma (48.7%) (Table II). A similar pattern was seen for satisfaction with health, happiness with life, life stress, and adaptation to Canada, with more Kosovars choosing responses at the extreme ends of the scales compared to the Czech Roma (Table II). The responses to all of these variables were significantly different between the two groups by univariate analysis. The prevalence of PTSD was 21.7% (34/157) in the Kosovars, and 0% in the CzeIn comparison to the Ontario population (10.3%), more Kosovars (26.8%) reported fair or poor health, however the proportions reporting excellent health were similar (24.0% for Ontario vs 25.5% for the Kosovars). In contrast, the Czech Roma were similar to Ontario for fair or poor health, but a lower proportion (10.5%) reported excellent health. A similar pattern was seen for satisfaction with health. The Kosovars were more likely and the Czech Roma less likely than the Ontario population to report that life was stressful. The frequency of reporting three or more chronic conditions was lower in both the Kosovars (10.3%) and Czech Roma (2.7%) compared to the Ontario population (20.1%).

DISCUSSION

Our initial hypothesis that the Kosovar group would have better self-perceived health and settlement experiences than the Czech Roma group, as a result of the extra services received, was not supported. These results may be partially explained by differences between the groups in terms of age and the presence of PTSD symptoms. The Kosovars were older, more likely to lack formal education, and tended to come from smaller towns and villages. These factors have been reported to interfere with adaptation to a new country.11,13 We speculate that differences in demographics may be the result of the immigration approach, in that the refugee families included older Kosovars, who likely would not have come to Canada on their own. These differences may also explain the different response profiles between the Kosovars and the Czech Roma on several variables. For example, a higher proportion of Kosovars reported both 'excellent' and 'poor' health compared to the Czech Roma respondents. The Czech Roma, in contrast, less frequently provided responses on the extreme end of the scales, with most of their responses being in the middle of the scales. The dichotomy of the responses to the question of 'adaptation to Canada' within the Kosovar group may be partly explained by the contrast of 'euphoria' and PTSD symptoms described in the resettlement and integration literature.14,15 This 'euphoria' stage is sometimes observed soon after leaving a war zone but may be suppressed by those with PTSD. The more frequent reporting of poor health in the Kosovars may also be related to PTSD. Nearly one quarter of the Kosovars in this study were experiencing PTSD, an even higher proportion than recently reported ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo (17.1%) in 1999.3 That study also found that three quarters of respondents reported lacking food or water, and almost half reported ill health without access to medical care during the time of aggression. These physical and mental hardships experienced by the Kosovars would be expected to have an impact on their perceived current health and well-being.

There were several limitations in this study. We did not adjust for the effect of the clustered design, in which the family was the sampling unit but individual was the unit of analysis, which may have led to overestimates of the statistical significance of differences between groups. The questionnaires were filled out individually, but not in private, and the Kosovars especially may have felt obliged to respond more favourably as a result of the special treatment they received on their arrival. In addition, some of the response patterns suggest that despite our efforts to accurately translate the questionnaire, there may have been differences in the cultural interpretation of the questions or differing experience between the groups in responding to health questionnaires. For example, two thirds of the Czech Roma reported no chronic health problems - more than the Kosovars or the Ontario population - however few of the Roma reported excellent health. Our comparison group for the Kosovars was a different ethnic group and it would have been interesting to compare these Kosovars to another group of Kosovar refugees who had arrived without the special settlement services. Finally, the Czech Roma had been in Canada approximately twice as long as the Kosovars, and many of the differences reported here may disappear over time.

It is almost certain that another global refugee crisis will occur in the future and the international community must be prepared. An organized international evacuation plan could result in improved health and settlement for refugees, however more research is needed on this issue. Our study suggests that the Kosovar evacuation resulted in a demographically different group than the usual 'healthy immigrant' population. Key issues that emerged for the Kosovars were the high prevalence of PTSD and poorer adaptation to life in Canada. As a result of these issues, we could not conclude that the Kosovars fared better than refugees who arrived through the 'traditional' approach. Canada could expand on its current approach and take a leadership role in the future to critically examine the most effective methods for the optimal settlement and health of refugees in an emergency evacuation situation.

Copyright Canadian Public Health Association Sep/Oct 2003

Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved

Source: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3844/is_200309/ai_n9278801

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Canada opposition wants immediate confidence vote
Wed May 11,12:48 PM ET

OTTAWA (Reuters) - Canada's two main opposition parties on Wednesday dismissed an offer from the minority Liberal government to hold a vote on the budget next week, saying they wanted a vote of confidence on Wednesday instead.

Both the Conservative and the separatist Bloc Quebecois parties said they would refuse to cooperate with the Liberals in Parliament unless the vote was held immediately.

source: http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20050511/wl_canada_nm/canada_canada_politics_harper_col_4

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Canada hailed for speeding up immigration process
Chandigarh, April 21: WORLD Wide Immigration Consultancy Services Ltd. (WWICS) welcomed the announcement by Joe Volpe, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada, for speeding up the processing of sponsorship applications for parents and grandparents coming to Canada as family class immigrants.

With this measure it is expected that in 2005 and 2006, the number of parents and grandparents going to Canada will increase by an additional 12,000 each year. This triples the original 6,000 forecast for 2005.

Senior Director of World Wide Immigration Consultancy Services Ltd. (WWICS), Devinder Sandhu said that this is a positive endeavour made by the Canadian Immigration authorities, as this will improve processing time for the reunification of family members of immigrants in Canada.

‘‘There would be more flexibility in issuing multiple-entry visitor visas to parents and grandparents which would allow them to visit their families in Canada while their sponsorship applications are in process, as long as they are able to prove that they are visiting temporarily,’’ he said.

In partnership with provinces and territories, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) is expanding two pilot initiatives to help make Canada a destination of choice for international student.
source: http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=125925

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Canada hailed for speeding up immigration process
Chandigarh, April 21: WORLD Wide Immigration Consultancy Services Ltd. (WWICS) welcomed the announcement by Joe Volpe, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada, for speeding up the processing of sponsorship applications for parents and grandparents coming to Canada as family class immigrants.

With this measure it is expected that in 2005 and 2006, the number of parents and grandparents going to Canada will increase by an additional 12,000 each year. This triples the original 6,000 forecast for 2005.

Senior Director of World Wide Immigration Consultancy Services Ltd. (WWICS), Devinder Sandhu said that this is a positive endeavour made by the Canadian Immigration authorities, as this will improve processing time for the reunification of family members of immigrants in Canada.

‘‘There would be more flexibility in issuing multiple-entry visitor visas to parents and grandparents which would allow them to visit their families in Canada while their sponsorship applications are in process, as long as they are able to prove that they are visiting temporarily,’’ he said.

In partnership with provinces and territories, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) is expanding two pilot initiatives to help make Canada a destination of choice for international student.
source: http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=125925

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National Immigration Health Policy

National Immigration Health Policy: Existing Policy, Changing Needs, and Future Directions Canadian Journal of Public Health, May/Jun 2004 by Gushulak, Brian D, Williams, Linda S

ABSTRACT

Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants and a longstanding immigration policy framework. The historic principles that govern immigration selection and processing also include regulatory policies in the area of health.

Based on historical principles that pre-date Confederation, Canadian immigration health policy has remained relatively constant. Policies are based on the identification of specific individuals and the exclusion, if appropriate, of the affected individuals - an approach that continues today. During the past three decades, however, evolutionary changes in the patterns, volume and demography of immigration have created situations that may necessitate changes to existing policy frameworks. This paper reviews current immigration health policies and practices in Canada, describes the nature and impact of existing challenges, and proposes some alternatives for future consideration.

Immigration is a fundamental pillar on which Canada has been built. Beginning with European colonization, the medical assessment of migrants is one of the nation's oldest migration-related activities. Despite this long history, Canada's immigration health activities continue to reflect traditional approaches initially designed in an era when most immigrants and a small number of refugees came from Europe. Later, they were revised to prevent the arrival of migrants with chronic, costly health conditions. In recent decades, however, most immigrants and refugees have come from Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean and South America, and have different health backgrounds and diseases. There is also a growing recognition that migration and population mobility are major factors underlying the processes of globalization. Changes in immigration health policy are needed to reflect these new realities.1

Countries have long recognized that travellers can import disease and have taken steps to protect their own populations. In Biblical times, lepers were isolated and their movements controlled to limit their contact with others. By the 14th century, the spread of plague in Europe due to mercantile expansion triggered the development of quarantine. Inspecting arrivals, denying admission, and either holding or treating them due to the real or suspected presence of disease became standard maritime practices.2 Quarantine practices came to the Americas in the 1700s, as European exploration and settlement brought cholera, plague, and "ship fever" (typhus) to the colonies.

Focus later shifted to other transmissible diseases, such as tuberculosis and syphilis. In the 19th century, concerns grew to include chronic and non-infectious diseases that were likely to make new arrivals dependent on publicly funded social and health services, such as chronic psychiatric disorders, developmental impairment, alcoholism, seizure disorders, and chronic tuberculosis. The masters of vessels bringing passengers to Canada were subject to a fine or bond for landing individuals who later became "public charges" because of disease or infirmity.

Assessing new arrivals for the presence of serious infectious disease, or the presence of illnesses that would impose a drain on public services, has remained the fundamental principle underlying the Canadian approach to immigration health. Similar approaches are observed in other developed nations with longstanding immigration programs, such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.3



AREAS OF POLICY



Current immigration health practices



Current immigration health practices and policies are defined in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act rather than national health legislation.4 Until recently, Canadian immigration health practices have been solely designed to select and render inadmissible certain individuals on the basis of risk to public health or public safety, or on an excessive demand on health services. That process involves a medical examination for persons applying for, or already selected for (i.e., in the case of sponsored refugees), resettlement in Canada. Immigration applicants who have evidence or history of certain treatable infections (i.e., currently syphilis or pulmonary tuberculosis) are admissible with the provision that they contact public health officials after arrival for appropriate follow-up.



Those identified as having conditions that would render them inadmissible due to potential excessive demands on health services may be refused admission permanently. Such conditions could include: certain cancers, potential multi-organ failure, end-stage disease, and serious incapacity requiring extensive nursing care. Conditions that lead to medical inadmissibility are generally identified through self-report.



These immigration health practices are thus narrowly focussed on assessing inadmissibility and not on identifying other health conditions that might impact on the newcomer's life in Canada, or on other Canadians (in the case of infectious diseases), or on the Canadian health care system in general. Focussing solely on inadmissibility therefore impedes the development of more modern and potentially useful approaches.



KEY ISSUES



Changes in immigration patterns



When immigration health assessments were developed, immigrants destined to Canada were quite different than they are today. Until the 1970s, most newcomers to Canada arrived from Europe and the United States. Over the past 35 years, however, the demography of immigration has changed dramatically.5 Currently, most immigrants come from Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Africa where the health environment may be profoundly different from that in Canada. In addition, the diversity of immigrant groups often results in marked health disparities between and within cohorts of immigrants and refugees. This is particularly true for refugees in cases where violence, torture, and trauma often affect both physical and mental health.6 These variations in health characteristics between and within migrant groups, and the sustained disparities between their origins and destinations in Canada, may have future health implications for the individual and the community. The development of more targeted immigration health assessments that more accurately reflect current world conditions and migrant demography is under consideration. The usefulness of a "one size fits all" immigration medical examination in a world of great health disparities is being reevaluated.



NEW IMMIGRATION CHARACTERISTICS AS A STIMULUS FOR RENEWED IMMIGRATION HEALTH POLICIES



As described above, many standard immigration health activities were developed in times when both the nature of immigration and the health characteristics of immigrants were very different than those observed today. The evolution of the immigration process, as well as modern changes in the management and control of illness, have created situations that may necessitate changes to the traditional policy basis of immigration health. Areas of current interest follow.



1. Increased attention to the health status of migrants selected for admission



Canada's immigration medical exam (IME) has been primarily directed towards the identification of the approximately 2,000 immigrants each year who are inadmissible to enter the country. The health status of the approximately 250,000 immigrants and refugees who are admitted annually has garnered little attention. Since the immigration medical examination represents migrants' first formal contact with the Canadian health sector, this represents a significant lost opportunity in terms of both individual and population health.7 This exam could provide an opportunity for health prevention and promotion activities, such as counselling or vaccination.8 It could also form the basis of an applicant's personal health record for the future.



Some countries have begun to utilize their immigration medical examination as a tool for population-based public health interventions, in addition to the legal requirements of immigration legislation.9 Certain diseases that are present in high rates in some populations, such as refugees, lend themselves to easy treatment prior to resettlement.10 In some cases, it may be more effective and efficient to intervene prior to resettlement - even if this intervention is not part of the formal immigration medical screening protocol.11 Consideration is being given to expanding the use of this examination, beyond the sole purpose of identifying those who are medically inadmissible, to take advantage of a unique opportunity to begin health promotion or population-based disease treatment.



2. Increased attention to the health needs of immigrants and refugee claimants who present for immigration medical assessment in Canada

One of the major changes of the past 30 years has been the establishment of the legal right to request immigrant or refugee status from within Canada. This change creates policy challenges to existing immigration medical activities that were designed to take place outside the country to determine an applicant's right to enter the country.



Only a few thousand people apply annually from within Canada for permanent resident status. They receive the usual IME and can be deemed medically inadmissible and told to leave the country. This is a very rare occurrence, however, and most are deemed medically admissible and permitted to stay in Canada.



Each year, approximately 40,000 persons claim refugee status from within Canada and receive the standard IME, which is designed to determine medical inadmissibility. However, refugees are not subject to excessive demand regulations and successful claimants will be allowed to remain in Canada no matter what their medical condition may be. If they are suffering from tuberculosis or syphilis, the two diseases of public health significance that the IME tests for, they will receive treatment.



Consequently, using a medical exam that is designed primarily to determine medical inadmissibility for categories of people who are already in Canada, and will most likely remain here, does not make sense. The actual health status and service requirements of these individuals become more important than finding conditions that might have rendered them inadmissible if they were examined abroad.12 Currently, attention is being given to the specific health needs of immigrants and refugees who arrive without having been examined overseas.



The current system for sharing migrants' medical information between the immigration department and provincial and territorial public health authorities has not been updated to reflect the fact that not all IMEs take place abroad. This has led to complex, redundant procedures and the loss of medical information that could form the basis of the migrant's health record in Canada. Practical steps to improve information exchange and reduce redundancy are being considered and developed.



New initiatives



The presence of health conditions not related to potential inadmissibility has not been an area of significant legislative concern. Consequently, information related to the health of applicants destined for admission has not been systematically used, either for population-based health assessments or to assist in integrating the new arrival into the Canadian health care system.



A specific example of how this situation can be improved is the routine testing of immigrants for HIV, introduced in January 2002. This testing focusses on identifying the disease to expedite counselling and referral to appropriate services. It demonstrates how the immigration health examination may be used to improve the health of new arrivals, rather than only identifying conditions that could bar admission.



DIRECTIONS FOR POLICY



This paper has reviewed the current basis for Canadian immigration health policy and described areas where improvements are underway. These revisions reflect the modernization and redefinition of approaches to an increasingly important aspect of national health planning.13 Current population demographics in Canada indicate that immigration will be the major driver for population growth in the foreseeable future.14 As the foreignborn and their offspring become ever larger cohorts of the Canadian population, health issues and concerns related to immigration will assume even greater importance.



The legislative requirements of the immigration process will continue to require the evaluation of immigrants for potential inadmissibility. However, these requirements also provide an important opportunity to begin a more thorough consideration of the health of those who will take up residence. Using the immigration medical examination as an entry point into the Canadian health care system for newcomers could be an important step in that direction. Given the profound changes in the nature of Canadian immigration and the continued existence of global health inequities, this approach will help to ensure that the specific needs of migrants will be more effectively recognized and managed over the short and long term.



RESUME



Le Canada est depuis longtemps une terre d'accueil pour les immigrants et possede un cadre d'action de longue date en matiere d'immigration. Les principes historiques regissant la selection des immigrants et les methodes relatives a l'immigration comprennent aussi des politiques de reglementation dans le domaine de la sante.



Fondee sur des principes datant d'avant la Confederation, la politique sanitaire canadienne en matiere d'immigration est demeuree relativement inchangee. Elle vise a identifier certaines personnes et a exclure, le cas echeant, celles qui sont atteintes - une approche qui est toujours en vigueur aujourd'hui. Au cours des trois dernieres decennies, cependant, l'evolution des tendances, du volume et des caracteristiques demographiques de l'immigration a cree des situations qui pourraient necessiter que l'on modifie le cadre d'action existant. Le present article examine les politiques et les pratiques sanitaires actuelles en matiere d'immigration au Canada, decrit la nature et les incidences des defis existants et propose quelques pistes de solutions.



Copyright Canadian Public Health Association May/Jun 2004

Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved

Source: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3844/is_200405/ai_n9412030

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